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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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! C, o! v0 e5 G$ Z" m! I: _% dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 3 ] j9 ^# |( A; L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 5 f Z- R7 {9 x+ B) Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + U! i& e1 Z+ w0 j$ `4 ~7 @"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, / | U9 R, v. X# M9 u' ]% y, e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,9 r' W( A4 j$ s& B( d& Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 W' b; @0 l H Y, R1 s ^"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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! L9 m7 g, U# Q Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ' a! M, d5 W2 q- J4 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ' x! H8 |5 e+ w8 B6 h: \- M. Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& X7 a0 n5 c7 l$ b "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,5 K4 h! x& T; S7 [! S1 n 0 g, F8 ? T4 d# F w8 D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ; z {- S: u$ q: d2 q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ( Y2 ?5 r2 ^( B4 [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. ~1 Z2 A) }+ J' [ "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ! w$ W5 [* v8 ?2 \+ V$ E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 8 D3 N5 h4 ?! u2 s( ~! u) r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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: i/ i2 ]3 A+ i4 |1 { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,% U) {1 y2 E9 d- ^0 f2 A$ S9 [ 7 p) F; r$ O! J; W x7 t$ v% v! E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 G7 a( H+ L( K% T) Y; |"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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2 t- b ]( L8 W/ J6 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, / e9 h% r5 m G) F' f7 W$ n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ' ]1 w& G" w. ~0 b+ M- [0 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” . z- {) b1 S. r K( X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ i" J& z: U% U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ; ?" o& Q' Q( Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ) k- c. S" |2 V/ W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / P3 {4 Z F- P3 Y2 L( e"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 7 P. L9 w0 |3 }9 u7 E: J3 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ! F; x& u7 L; R1 s* j) ~; u4 n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + f. z* r1 |2 P0 N0 p"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,4 I# x ~* _& x# O8 k 1 l/ }& w; d) v( e; c5 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ; P9 ^! s% F1 L9 h) I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, V& g8 R5 X6 F Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; y8 C4 X. H0 x6 Z5 P2 A' S"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ( ~" ]- ~- ?1 }& D& d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: . u' Z5 w/ W) d& a) f7 J. M5 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . K+ u, K* L/ A4 L) P"Times New Roman"">“ 7 D* X/ @7 @4 o* Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 5 q: p7 _ k! r" A/ w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” * k* X, u* n; }, T4 y5 Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, & A. {* }6 b4 ` h4 j Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# o! i- U: I9 h! ~7 S0 S# K3 C* H "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: : v4 z: F1 u8 d, J7 l+ I3 S* `7 n5 K/ j* ?; |/ n* o( M" h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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# s, K7 W' f+ |4 P* _% i. Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 / R9 e# w H9 k5 {" R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " d5 H, J4 g" Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( \2 N) P- s1 O"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 2 c2 m+ T+ K* z( D# i6 G5 I* |4 H5 _: p, v$ L2 M1 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, & `3 W6 t6 l& t* F2 ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% i" z1 v8 q1 e' j "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, " E! y1 e0 n$ J1 g+ u7 q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 6 S& H' Z) ^# c; `: F6 W; J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里& f. e& B# j7 Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 & j' L. [* d( F& ^1 i* s. S3 j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(5 c: L& e3 r5 n+ ?7 \- ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 6 L& F7 T& F$ n6 Q# L' w- r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . v# F7 z/ i9 {- D/ B9 P"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用6 L' L% p) f4 a: W( h8 O! y+ a 12.0pt">, 0 {- K% o5 j4 r2 _ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, # V) U1 y1 A% U, Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 m5 A6 J- ]5 R4 l8 a"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, / b2 x" J& ^. _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!* R+ x9 N/ i4 H# u: h( s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 9 W9 R0 Y. s% \2 U4 O: L% y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 S: Q4 F7 c! k0 q' z. a "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 3 x( H4 _+ N' N9 \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 6 \% d V/ E: F/ |$ U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, " \7 [" j$ T) G0 Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ V' U! x U" | "Times New Roman"">“ 9 X/ R0 v1 v c1 D i6 d2 I+ K; O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”9 `4 ^0 Y1 S* y* F8 p& M" r5 n( ^12.0pt"> 7 M9 h) \4 ~5 M" h& O% E9 R6 u"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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4 T7 c$ g: ^5 e/ v$ W. `2 | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, * n4 f8 h) l0 E; n( o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ) B! f: z" R* Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & g& f" d: N, {* r5 ^"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 Q7 N2 j: i- q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, . T# g# Q' R! l M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, : q% V5 V, j [' A+ s9 n0 Q1 o( Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - G C" ]$ |& ["Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 6 A- G( n5 f# u) Z( m1 ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 3 I; D9 i: k; `# t6 G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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# y! y) g% p7 M- `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,8 Q! K2 K8 |& o" k5 y/ ]8 N ( L7 R V' \) X( i/ r" @4 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 m5 X/ `6 ^, Y+ a"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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! n1 n# v; L; y- ]; f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 5 U1 |4 V2 m' v: b% J1 }1 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, * B2 {7 U0 Y: I& @# Y8 n! m8 D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % r5 @' O+ P+ q0 ]. t3 m. ?, R"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 1 `7 k7 r( ?% G- j! w* [ q' V* T! o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ! y- _; \* v; C$ e7 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ P' c: q3 E( a"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,, h" J8 E& [' K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 7 u; U' ^( b' @$ Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; t: ]( j5 J$ h- l; R1 Y$ ["Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题- B1 v1 u. z( ] e+ m: Z6 t12.0pt">: ; u s, b: _0 Q' I) [; _8 x"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 0 E: {0 r* g' f7 u: H/ lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , J7 e; [# d7 N"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才; G/ W' l2 _2 t0 Y `12.0pt">, 8 V3 g0 R& f- o* N' Y8 N"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ; {) N; P+ ] z* bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& r4 z. F3 q$ c9 D. Q2 ~ "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 7 L- @2 f$ H0 l% B1 bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 9 h: z; M. |9 a" f3 b7 F9 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 8 L( f- d- n+ l) F5 T6 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 j. z, y5 D; Y# Z" \ "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题 q& j+ W+ O; _5 }/ \" C- g 12.0pt">; 5 d t# e+ K) C# |: Y4 I; z "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 1 K+ r8 }* s+ E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& O( ?2 J0 u1 `' Q! ` "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求) _# Y5 B* A) s. R% V2 G9 L 12.0pt">: 0 D( G0 w2 |% C+ u3 ]3 x1 J) d% f "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; % V' t; f: D3 l$ P& z8 y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; i; M1 C" ^6 P "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, , `: b' m; G! m( r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 9 \* `. n* q' J+ u2 @* }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : s4 g) p: Q3 D/ d( a"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统; ]: l" o& J. i1 @7 @8 Z- y 12.0pt">:

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, c' U( K2 I( g+ v8 ~4 I9 w8 A; g( Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ % m6 U p: K& ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” + {* O1 I$ [& |- o2 l. d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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' V& u8 s+ |" [" o U7 d* n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,1 I/ J# d2 \( s D4 }7 [ " p/ n8 \3 g+ Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 V% a* X& T, F7 a2 E- y1 m" W& O "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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( o( @& m) V- t. O0 u ^% C0 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 7 {1 e* s3 L n# ]& i1 ?+ bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 X7 D# c: S, |- @$ R# |/ C"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, / i" u z2 ] o1 g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, $ H8 X* \, q- N9 V3 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 x9 Z4 U2 n" `5 o- S"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,2 D5 H) C; d2 ? " Q) {3 @( b( c6 e# p3 fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, : ^) \7 k: {$ I$ J7 F" H7 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 y2 e& C7 C& i" {, y7 ` "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, # k3 O/ v+ e* R% H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, " _1 B$ n6 W2 U# a& V* e, ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: , o1 h5 Z, m: l9 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) ]2 H$ w, y5 J"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 3 D. P: h9 d/ }# N+ s- {* @' F3 x+ F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 6 b0 B0 J1 V( `- a+ l5 s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: n8 u6 ~7 r9 ? ~" b' o) X "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 9 j( D( j% |1 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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; Q* N+ S) c# C) j1 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,# {$ j6 R; c; A' M6 v# J7 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # m1 b; |& ~% K$ C2 |4 L. I K" z"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定$ l$ `4 ]- x& k9 [3 d; L+ O3 B12.0pt">, n$ L0 q- Y( h( c% @7 r "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, . B- X, m) }) Q; C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 u8 v" a a1 ?; P$ T5 z. h"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:& q# z6 C% b Y5 N7 m, C0 t. t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, G9 ^& u1 U+ l) z. F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 7 J4 H* j, ]6 g8 ^% Y+ Q. [, } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' l9 v9 S' T" C) R "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ( x, s6 e5 E$ ~/ X p- d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ! D* u; e- d0 O+ s+ M$ xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' o S, @* F( B2 {5 r( s# h% `; R/ f, O"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: - H9 ?" Y9 H2 m% j3 K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ) \, w6 y( j- Q2 l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 4 f& X! M+ s, yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) k0 c. U! r; }2 f2 Q, o "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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